Interpersonal behaviors in sports context: Spanish adaptation and measurement invariance.

Introduction: The interpersonal behavior questionnaire (IBQ) is an instrument that measures support and thwarting interpersonal behaviors based on the self-determination theory (SDT). The aim of this work was to adapt the IBQ to the Spanish spoken in Mexico and to examine its psychometric properties (structural validity, discriminant validity, composite reliability, factorial invariance, and nomological validity) in a sample of athletes. Methods: For this purpose, 472 athletes (average age 17.15 years; SD = 1.47) completed a question booklet. Results and discussion: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the structure of six related factors, three factors of behaviors that support autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and three factors of behaviors that thwarting them. The internal consistency of each factor was also supported, as well as the average variance extracted. However, the discriminant validity between the factors of competence and relatedness in their dimensions of support, on the one hand, and thwarting, on the other, is questioned. Factorial invariance was confirmed across gender (men and women) and sport type (individual and team). Nomological validity is in accordance with theory and empirical literature. More studies of the IBQ in sport are necessary to see if these results are a fortuitous product or if they manifest themselves consistently.

Diseño y validación del cuestionario de evaluación de la calidad percibida en la gestión deportiva del futbol femenil / Desenho e validação do questionário para avaliação da qualidade percebida na gestão esportiva do futebol feminino / Design and validation of the questionnaire for the evaluation of the perceived quality in sports management of women’s soccer

El objetivo del presente trabajo es diseñar y validar la creación del cuestionario de evaluación de la calidad percibida en la gestión deportiva del futbol femenil. El muestreo fue intencional por conveniencia, con un total de 332 jugadoras y un rango de edad de entre los 18 y 51 años (M= 20.92; DE= 3.59). Se llevaron a cabo análisis de validez de constructo por medio de un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) así como un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) seguido de análisis de fiabilidad y varianzamedia extractada. El instrumento creado fue el GEDECAFF. Los resultados de los análisis factoriales mostraron 36 ítems divididos en 4 factores: (1) Interacción con el entrenador, (2) Instalaciones, (3) Servicio de personal e (4) Institucional; los indicadores de pertinencia fueron apropiados y explican el 76.25% de la varianza total. Los índices de ajuste, error y chi cuadrado son adecuados CFI = .90, TLI = .89 y RMSEA = .07, χ2/gl = 2.17. Los resultados muestran que Alfa de Cronbach y Omega de McDonald por factores está por encima de .90. En conclusión, el cuestionario GEDECAFF presenta las propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias y atiende las necesidades de los servicios ofrecidos por los distintos clubes, dando oportunidad a la mejora continua de la calidad del servicio en el futbol femenil.(AU)

The purpose of this study is to design and validate the creation of the questionnaire for the evaluation of theperceived quality in the sports management of women's soccer. The sampling was intentional for convenience, with a total of 332 soccer players and an age range between 18 and 51 years (M = 20.92; SD= 3.59). Construct validity analyses were carried out using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as well as a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) followed by reliability analysis and extracted mean variance. The instrument created was the GEDECAFF. The result of the factor analysis showed 36 items divided into 4factors: (1) Interaction with a coach, (2) Facilities, (3) Personal service, and (4) Institutional; the relevance indicators were adequate, explaining 76.25% of the total variance. The fit and error indices are adequate CFI = .90, TLI = .89, and RMSEA = .07, regarding the χ2/df = 2.17. The results show that Cronbach's Alpha and McDonald's Omega by factors is above .90. In conclusion, the GEDECAFF questionnaire presents the appropriate psychometric properties and meets the needs of the services offered by the different women's soccer clubs, opening an opportunity for continuous improvement in the quality of service in women's soccer.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foivalidar a criação do questionário para avaliação da qualidade percebida na gestão desportiva do futebol feminino. A amostra foi intencional por conveniência, com um total de 332 jogadores de futebol e faixa etária entre 18 e 51 anos (M= 20.92; DP= 3.59). As análises de validade de construto foram realizadas por meio de uma análise fatorial exploratória (EFA), bem como uma análise fatorial confirmatória (CFA), seguida de análise de confiabilidade e variância média extraída. O instrumento criado foi o GEDECAFF. Os resultados das análises fatoriais mostraram 36 itens divididos em 4 fatores: (1) Interação com o formador, (2) Instalações, (3) Atendimento Pessoal e (4) Institucional; os indicadores de relevância foram adequados, explicando 76.25% da variância total. Os índices de ajuste e erro são adequados CFI = .90, TLI = .89 e RMSEA = .07, em relação ao χ2/df = 2.17. Os resultados mostram que o Alfa de Cronbach e o ômega do McDonald's por fatores estão acima de 0,90. Em conclusão, o questionário GEDECAFF apresenta as propriedades psicométricas adequadas e atende às necessidadesdos serviços oferecidos pelos diferentes clubes de futebol feminino, abrindo uma oportunidade de melhoria contínua na qualidade do serviço no futebol feminino.(AU)

Adaptive Social Factors and Precompetitive Anxiety in Elite Sport.

Grounded in achievement goal theory and self-determination theory, the aim of this study was to analyze the motivational determinants of precompetitive anxiety in the sports context, considering the horizontal motivational sequence: adaptive social factors (task-involving climate, autonomy support style), competence need, types of motivation (autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, amotivation), and consequences (precompetitive anxiety and self-confidence). This study was also conducted in order to analyze the mediating role of the need for competition and motivational regulations on social factors and consequences. The sample consisted of 217 athletes of both sexes engaged in elite sport, who answered a series of questionnaires to measure study variables to develop an analysis of the structural equation model. The results showed that both the task-involving climate and autonomy support were associated with competence need, and competence need was associated with autonomous motivation in a positive way and with controlled motivation and amotivation in a negative way. On the other hand, autonomous motivation was positively associated with self-confidence, while amotivation was positively related to somatic and cognitive anxiety before a competition. Furthermore, there was a total mediation of competence need and autonomous motivation between task climate and self-confidence. In conclusion, these social factors favor self-confidence, and besides, these climates disfavor anxiety before a sport competition.

Estilo interpersonal del entrenador, competencia, motivación, y ansiedad precompetitiva en deportistas de alto rendimiento / Coach interpersonal style, competence, motivation, and precompetitive anxiety in high performance athletes / Treinar estilo interpessoal, competência, motivação e ansiedade pré-competitiva em atletas de alto desempenho

El objetivo de este estudio fue poner a prueba un modelo que examina la secuencia: estilo interpersonal que los deportistas perciben que genera el entrenador, necesidad de competencia (satisfacción y frustración), regulaciones motivacionales, y consecuencias de autoconfianza y ansiedad precompetitivas. También se examinó el papel mediador de la necesidad de competencia y las regulaciones motivacionales. Un conjunto de cuestionarios fue administrado a 239 deportistas de alto rendimiento quienes participaban en una variedad de deportes. Los resultados mostraron un adecuado ajuste del modelo a los datos (S-B c2=35.711, p< .01; RMSEA=.066; NNFI=.904; CFI=.947), e indicaron que el estilo de apoyo a la autonomía por parte del entrenador predice positivamente la satisfacción de la necesidad de competencia (b=.17, p<.05), ésta predice positivamente la motivación autónoma hacia la participación deportiva (b=.23, p<.05), y en sentido inverso la desmotivación (b=-.22, p<.05); en tanto que la motivación autónoma predice la autoconfianza precompetitiva (b=.29, p<.05), y la desmotivación lo hace con la ansiedad precompetitiva en sus dimensiones cognitiva (b=.28, p<.01) y somática (b=.17, p<.05). Por otro lado, el estilo controlador por parte del entrenador, predice positivamente la motivación controlada hacia la participación deportiva (b=.27, p<.05); esta asociación es mediada parcialmente por la frustración de la necesidad de competencia. Los resultados apoyan la importancia del estilo interpersonal de apoyo a la autonomía por parte del entrenador, dado sus efectos sobre la autoconfianza de los deportistas

The aim of this study was to test a model that examines the sequence: interpersonal style that athletes perceive that generates the coach, need for competence (satisfaction and thwarted), motivational regulations, and pre-competitive self-confidence and anxiety consequences. The mediating role of the need for competence and motivational regulations was also discussed. A set of questionnaires was administered to 239 high performance athletes who participated in a variety of sports. The results showed an adequate adjustment of the model to the data (S-B c2=35.711, p< .01; RMSEA=.066; NNFI=.904; CFI=.947), and indicated that the autonomy support coaching style positively predicts the satisfaction of the need for competence (b=.17, p<.05), it positively predicted autonomous motivation to sports participation (b=.23, p<.05), and negatively the amotivation (b=-.22, p<.05); while the autonomous motivation predicts precompetitive self-confidence (b=.29, p<.05), and motivation does the precompetitive anxiety in their cognitive (b=.28, p<.01) and somatic (b=.17, p<.05) dimensions. On the other hand, the controller coaching style predicts positively the controlled motivation to sports participation (b=.27, p<.05); this association is partially mediated by the thwarted need for competence. The results support the importance of autonomy support coaching style due to their effects on self-confidence and precompetitive anxiety of athletes

O objetivo deste estudo é um modelo que examina o seguinte: percepção do estilo interpessoal do treinador, necessidade de competição (satisfação ou frustração), regulamentos motivacionais e consequências da autoconfiança e ansiedade competitiva. papel mediador da necessidade de concorrência e regulamentos motivacionais também examinados. Um conjunto de questionários foi aplicado a 239 atletas de alto desempenho que participaram de uma variedade de esportes. Os resultados mostram um ajuste adequado do modelo para os dados (SBc235 = 35.711, < p <0,01; RMSEA = 0,066; NNFI = 0,904; CFI = 0,947) de quanto à suporte do autonomia do treinador previu positivamente a satisfação da necessidade de competição (b = 0,17, p <0,05), é positivamente previsto para motivação autônoma para uma participação esportiva (b = 0,23, p <0,05), e na direção oposta à desmotivação (b = -. 22, p <0,05); enquanto uma motivação autônoma prediz autoconfiança pré-competitiva (b = 0,29, p <0,05), uma desmotivação prediz ansiedade pré-competitiva cognitiva (b = 0,28, p <0,01) e somática (b = 0,17, p <0,05). Por outro lado, o estilo de controle por parte do treinador predisse positivamente uma motivação controlada em relação à participação no esporte (b = 0,27, p <0,05); Essa associação é parcialmente mediada pela necessidade de competição. Os resultados apóiam a importância do estilo interpessoral de apoio à autonomia do treinador, dados seus efeitos na autoconfiança dos atletas

Perfeccionismo interpersonal, miedo a fallar, y afectos en el deporte / Interpersonal perfectionism, fear of failure, and affects in sports / Perfeccionismo interpessoal, medo do fracasso e afetos no esporte

El objetivo de este estudio fue probar un modelo predictivo que analiza la secuencia: preocupaciones perfeccionistas, miedo a fallar, y consecuencias de afectos positivos y negativos en las sesiones de entrenamiento deportivo en niños y adolescentes. Así como analizar el papel mediador del miedo a fallar. De las preocupaciones perfeccionistas nos centramos en el poder relativo de la influencia del perfeccionismo interpersonal, específicamente en dos facetas, presión de los padres y presión del entrenador. Participaron 142 deportistas federados de ambos sexos, con una edad media de 12.5 años (DT = 1.81), quienes respondieron a un conjunto de cuestionarios para medir las variables de estudio. Los resultados mostraron que la percepción de presión que ejercen dos fuentes primarias de evaluación de los deportistas, padres y entrenador, predicen los afectos negativos, sólo si en el deportista se desarrolla el miedo a fallar durante los entrenamientos deportivos. Estudiar simultáneamente el rol de los padres y entrenador es importante, ya que guía futuras intervenciones enfocadas a maximizar la influencia benéfica de los padres y entrenadores. En conclusión, el miedo a fallar es una emoción subjetiva, que tiene antecedentes ambientales -perfeccionismo interpersonal-, y consecuencias afectivas

The objective of this study was to test a predictive model that analyzes the sequence: perfectionist concerns, fear of failure, and consequences of positive and negative affects in sports training sessions in children and adolescents. As well as analyzing the mediating role of fear to fail. From perfectionist concerns we focus on the relative power of the influence of interpersonal perfectionism, specifically on two facets, parental pressure and coach pressure. A total of 142 federated athletes of both sexes participated, with an average age of 12.5 years (SD = 1.81), who answered a set of questionnaires to measure the study variables. The results showed that the perception of pressure exerted by two primary sources of evaluation of athletes, parents and coach, predict negative affects, only if the athlete develops the fear of failure during sports training. Studying simultaneously the role of parents and coach is important, as it guides future interventions focused on maximizing the beneficial influence of parents and coaches. In conclusion, the fear of failure is a subjective emotion, which has an environmental background (interpersonal perfectionism) and affective consequences

O objetivo deste estudo foi testar um modelo preditivo que analise a seqüência: preocupações perfeccionistas, medo de fralhar e consequências de afetos positivos e negativos em sessões de treinamento e sportivo em crianças e adolescentes. Além de analisar o papel mediador do medo de falhar. A partir das preocupações perfeccionistas, o estudou se centrou em o poder relativo da influência do perfeccionismo interpessoal, especificamente em duas facetas, pre ssão parental e pressão do treinador. Participaram 142 atletas federados de ambos os sexos (54%mulheres; 46% homens), com idade média de 12,5 anos (DP = 1,81), que responderam a um conjunto de questionários para medir as variáveis do estudo. Os resultados mostraram que a percepção de pressão exercida por duas fontes primárias de avaliação de atletas, pais e treinador, predizem afetos negativos, somente se o atleta desenvolver o medo de falhar durante o treinamento esportivo. Em conclusão, o medo do fracasso é uma emoção subjetiva, que tem um background ambiental - perfeccionismo interpessoal - e consequências afetivas

Evidencias de validez test-criterio en el uso de la Escala Multidimensional de Perfeccionismo en el Deporte-2 / Evidence of test-criterion validity in the use of the Sport-Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 / Evidência de validade de critério de teste no uso da Escala Multidimensional do Perfeccionismo no Esporte-2

El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir evidencias de validez de criterio de la Escala Multidimensional de Perfeccionismo en el Deporte-2 (Sport-MPS-2) adaptada a población mexicana. Participaron 222 deportistas adultos mexicanos (Medad = 20.14, DT = 3.69) practicantes de diferentes disciplinas deportivas, quienes contestaron una conjunto de cuestionarios. Previamente se analizó la estructura interna del instrumento a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Después se utilizaron la ansiedad competitiva, y la percepción de competencia como medidas de validez de criterio, empleando análisis de correlación bivariada. Los resultados confirmaron la estructura de seis factores independientes, de los cuales la fiabilidad compuesta fue adecuada, excepto para el factor presión del entrenador. Contrariamente, la varianza media extractada careció de buen ajuste, y sólo se asumió la validez discriminante en dos de los seis factores. En adición, los resultados de test criterio sugirieron evidencia poco contundente de validez de criterio del instrumento con esta muestra de estudio, ya que las asociaciones esperadas fueron significativas, pero con coeficientes bajos, por lo que se requieren más estudios con otras muestras de deportistas, para evaluar más adecuadamente las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, y poder afirmar su uso adecuado

The main purpose of this study was to to describe evidence's of criterion validity of the Multidimensional Scale of Perfectionism in Sport-2 (Sport-MPS-2) adapted to the Mexican population. Participated 222 Mexican adolescents, youth, and adult athletes (Mage = 20.14, SD = 3.69), from different sports, who answered a several questionnaires. Previously, the internal structure of the instrument was analyzed through a confirmatory factor analysis. Then competitive anxiety and the perception of competence were used as measures of criterion validity, using bivariate correlation analysis. The results confirmed the structure of six independent factors, of which the composite reliability was adequate, except for the pressure factor of the trainer. In constrast the average variance extracted lacked a good fit, and only discriminant validity was assumed in two of the six factors. In addition, the criterion test results suggested little convincing evidence of criterion validity of the instrument with this study sample, since the associations expected were significant, but with low coefficients. Thus, more studies are required with other samples of athletes and sports, in order to evaluate more adequately the psychometric properties of the instrument, and to be able to affirm its proper use

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em demonstrar criterios de validação da da Escala Multidimensional do Perfeccionismo no Deporto-2 (Sport-MPS-2) para a população mexicana. Participaram neste estudo 222 deportistas adolescentes, jovens e adultos mexicanos (Midade = 20.14, DT = 3.69) praticantes de diferentes modalidades deportivas, que preencheram um conjunto de questionário. Para avaliar o ajustamento do modelo de medida aos dados foi utilziada uma análise fatorial confirmatória. De forma a demonstrar crirérios de validade externa, utilizouse a competência competitiva e a capacidade de avaliação, através de correlação bivariada. Os resultados, demonstram uma estrutura de seis fatores independentes com valores de fiabilidade compósita ajustados, com exceção do fator pressão do treinador. Em contraste, não se verificou variância extraída média em nenhum dos fatores e os faores apenas discriminam em dois dos seis. Não obstante, os resultados da validade externa foram pouco conducentes, ou seja, as assocações foram significativas, mas com coeficientes baixos. Neste sentido mais estudos são necessários, com outras amostras de desportistas, de forma a poder verificar-se melhor as propiedades psicométricas deste instrumento e demonstrar que está válido para ser usado

Situational and Dispositional Factors that Predict Motivation: a Multilevel Study.

This study aimed to test a multilevel mediation model which examined the relationship between the perceived motivational climate created by coaches at team level and motivational regulations towards sport at individual level, as mediated by individual goal orientations. 211 university athletes from 20 teams training in different types of sport completed a battery of instruments that measured the variables included in the model. The statistics significance level was .05. Results of the multilevel mediation model revealed that the task-involving climate at team level positively predicted individual task orientation (γ01 = .77, p .05). The results are in line with previous research that have focused in the study of motivational climate at individual level, but the present study make a novel contribution by providing the perspective of a multilevel mediation model and thereby clarifying the phenomenon at team level.

Influencia del entrenador deportivo con relación al perfeccionismo y las orientaciones de meta / Influência do treinador de esportes em relação à perfeccionismo e orientações de meta / Influence of the sports coach in relation to perfectionism and goal orientations

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar cómo la relación entre el perfeccionismo individual en los deportistas y sus orientaciones de meta se ve afectada por la percepción del clima motivacional del equipo que genera el entrenador. Participaron 144 deportistas de ambos géneros, pertenecientes a 18 equipos de diferentes modalidades deportivas, quienes contestaron a un conjunto de cuestionarios para medir las variables de estudio. Los resultados del modelo multinivel jerárquico mostraron que las diferencias individuales en la orientación a la tarea fueron predichas tanto por factores individuales (esfuerzo por la perfección), como por factores de equipo (percepción del clima de implicación a la tarea, y percepción del clima de implicación al ego creados por el entrenador). Además, el clima de implicación al ego moduló la relación entre el esfuerzo por la perfección y la orientación a la tarea (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze how the relationship between the perfectionism of the athletes and their goal orientations at individual level is affected by the perception of the motivational climate generated by the coach at team level. Participants were 144 athletes of both genders, belonging to 18 different sports teams, who answered a set of questionnaires to measure the study variables. Results of the multilevel hierarchical model showed that individual differences in task orientation were predicted by individual factors (striving for perfectionism), and team factors (perceptions of task-involving climate and ego-involving climate created by the coach). Additionally, ego-involving climate moderated the relationship between the striving for perfectionism and task orientation (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar como a relação entre o perfeccionismo indivídual em atletas e suas orientações objetivo sao afetados pela percepção do clima motivacional gerado pelo treinador da equipe. Eles envolvidos 144 atletas de ambos os sexos, pertencentes a 18 equipas desportivas diferentes, que responderam a um conjunto de questionários para medir as variáveis do estudo. Os resultados do modelo hierárquico multinível mostrou que as diferenças individuais em orientação para a tarefa foram previstos por ambos os factores individuais (busca da perfeição), como factores de equipamento (percepção clima tarefa, e percepção clima ego criado pelo treinador). Além disso, percepção clima ego modulada a relação entre a busca da perfeição e orientação para a tarefa (AU)

Situational and dispositional factors that predict motivation: a multilevel study

This study aimed to test a multilevel mediation model which examined the relationship between the perceived motivational climate created by coaches at team level and motivational regulations towards sport at individual level, as mediated by individual goal orientations. 211 university athletes from 20 teams training in different types of sport completed a battery of instruments that measured the variables included in the model. The statistics significance level was .05. Results of the multilevel mediation model revealed that the task-involving climate at team level positively predicted individual task orientation (γ01 = .77, p < .001) and autonomous motivation for sport practice (γ01 = .68, p = .03). Task orientation positively predicts the autonomous motivation (γ10 =.51, p < .01), and inversely the non motivation (γ10 = -.76, p < .001). Also task orientation partially mediated the relationship between task-involving climate and autonomous motivation (b1b2 = .39; 95% CI = [.11, .68]; τ = .68, p < .05), and fully mediated the relationship between task-involving climate and amotivation (b1b2 = -.58; 95% CI = [-.92, -.25]; τ = -.62, p >.05). The results are in line with previous research that have focused in the study of motivational climate at individual level, but the present study make a novel contribution by providing the perspective of a multilevel mediation model and thereby clarifying the phenomenon at team level (AU)

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